Anterior cruciate ligament injury

Warning

Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury (ACL)

History

  • Young to middle aged
  • Fall with significant twist
  • Sports injury contact or non contact
  • Pain++
  • Heard pop, tearing sounds, ?click
  • Rapid onset swelling (haemarthrosis)
  • Difficulty WB
  • Possible previous episode of injury
  • Knee giving way/instability

Signs

  • Limp
  • Ongoing swelling
  • Loss of range of movement
  • Lachmans +ve
  • Anterior draw test +ve
  • May also have injured MCL

Who to refer, who not to refer, how to refer

Who to Refer-

  • Instability/Giving way
  • Reduced ROM<90 degrees/ locked knee
  • Positive lachmans/anterior drawer
  • Surgical candidate is young (<40 yrs old) and active
  • Unlikely to operate BMI >40

Urgent Referral Criteria

  • Acute traumatic injury with confirmed ACL tear with no input prior to referral

How to refer

We accept referrals through SCI gateway for those who are based in Scotland.

We also accept e referrals through the below email address using the attached form for those who are based just on the other side of the border. 

E- Referral Email address - bor.orthoreferrals@borders.scot.nhs.uk

Referral form - E-Referral to Orthopaedics (Non Sci-Gateway)      

Primary care management

  • X-Ray – AP & lateral to exclude #
  • Primary care treatment
  • Analgesia
  • PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
  • Walking aids eg crutch
  • Physiotherapy referral at same time of ortho for prehab

Resources and links

Primary Knee Pathway - developed by First Contact Practitioners Primary Knee Pathway

Editorial Information

Last reviewed: 31/07/2025

Next review date: 31/07/2027

Author(s): Paul Middleton.