Warning

Please see list of red flags

Assessment

Signs & symptoms

  • Increasing pain
  • Worsening movement

Risk factors

  • High dose steroid use
  • Excessive alcohol use
  • Past radiation exposure/ chemotherapy
  • Sickle cell anaemia
  • HIV
  • Deep sea divers

When & how to refer

Refer urgently to Orthopaedics.

Editorial Information

Next review date: 01/10/2027

Author(s): Reid J.

Version: 01.0

Approved By: Trauma & Orthopaedics Acute Governance