RefHelp - NHS Ayrshire and Arran
Signs & symptoms
- Swelling in upper extremity
- Pain
- Visible collateral veins at shoulder girdle-not common
Risk factors
Primary causes
- Repeated strenuous activity involving force
Secondary causes
- Indwelling central venous catheter
- Cardiac pacemakers
- Malignancy
- Surgery
- Trauma
- Immobilisation
- Pregnancy/ oral contraceptives